The book interprets the actualization of ethnocultural neotraditionalism and the identity problem as a global manifestation of the ambiguous consequences of current sociocultural transformations. The phenomenon of ethnocultural neotraditionalism is justified as a resource for the formation of ethnic and national identities, with the analysis of corresponding problems and contradictions. The text reveals the possibilities of the sociocultural approach and sociocultural phenomenology for the study of these processes. It also shows the important role of the policy of ethnocultural neotraditionalism and identity politics in the implementation of the strategic guidelines of the state national policy. The book is intended for researchers in the fields of social philosophy, philosophy of culture and cultural studies, ethno-sociology and ethnic political studies, ethnology and ethnography, management, as well as for undergraduate and graduate students in these fields.